Friday, October 31, 2014

2014 Diseases and disorders

Bone Mineral Density Testing and Bone Scan Results
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) technology was introduced in 1988 and has become the most popular reductil tool for measuring bone density. The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends that all women over 65 years, and postmenopausal reductil women with at least one risk factor for osteoporosis, undergoing a bone density test, which is usually a DEXA. Results of bone density tests used for diagnosing osteopenia reductil and osteoporosis. DEXA measures bone mineral content (BMC) of the spine, hip, wrist, femur, or any selected part of the skeleton. It does this by focusing an X-ray on a body location and measurement of the percentage of light rays passing through the tissue as opposed to being blocked by minerals in the bone. Using computer programs, then divides that number by the the surface of the bone that is measured to create bone mineral density (BMD). Bone density test results A total of bone density, is an image printed showing where patients BMD falls compared to the norm. The standard refers to the accepted standard peak bone mass (PMB) is determined by a selected peer group of young adults. There are no international standards for PMB as bone density varies dramatically depending on race and region. Women get a diagnosis of osteopenia if their T-score (see below) BMD deviates from 1.0 to 2.4 points (standard deviations) below the norm (although weve seen patients who were put on Fosamax at just 1.3). Somewhere below 2.5 standard deviations are diagnosed with osteoporosis. When you are measured against the younger peer group, it is called a T-score. When you are measured against the average BMD for age, sex, weight and ethnic origin or race, it is called a Z-score. Everyone loses bone density as they age, so anyone with a standard Z-score can differ considerably from the T-score. But T-score is the gold standard of traditional diagnosis. This means that eventually all womens T-scores will deviate from the norm, and women with natural bone loss may seem to be suffering from an undiagnosed illness. No wonder theres an osteoporosis epidemic! Limitations of BMD testing Error in DEXA measurements can be 810% depending on the machine burns almost one standard deviation! It means you can have normal bone density reductil with a machine, and osteopenia of another. It also means that the measurement of changes in bone density over time is only completely accurate if all your tests done with the same machine. Another problem with bone density testing is that the supply of healthy bone is much larger than this test could lead women to believe. What is low for a woman can be good for another, depending on the thickness of her legs, her ancestry, reductil her peak bone mass from when she was in her 20s, and other variables.
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2014 Diseases and disorders

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